To know
Bolus calculation
The Bolus calculation is the calculation of the amount of insulin needed with a meal or to correct elevated blood sugar. It is a central component of intensive insulin therapy (ICT)...
Time in Range (TIR)
Time in Range (TIR) is a modern measurement that indicates what percentage of the time the blood sugar level is within the individual target range. In contrast to the HbA1c...
Closed loop system (AID)
A Closed loop system (also Automated insulin delivery, AID) is currently (March 2026) the most advanced form of insulin therapy. It connects an insulin pump directly to a CGM sensor and...
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) automatically measures the glucose content in the tissue fluid every few minutes and displays it in real time. In contrast to classic blood sugar measurement with...
Insulin pump therapy (CSII)
The Insulin pump therapy (Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion, CSII) is a modern form of insulin therapy. A small, portable device continuously delivers insulin under the skin, simulating the natural insulin release...
Diabetic macular edema
This diabetic macular edema is swelling of the macula (the place of sharpest vision on the retina) due to fluid accumulation. It is the most common cause of vision impairment in...
Charcot foot
The Charcot foot (neuro-osteoarthropathic arthropathy) is a severe, destructive complication of diabetic foot syndrome. The combination of neuropathy and unnoticed microtrauma leads to rapid destruction of bones, joints and soft tissues...
Diabetic nephropathy
The diabetic nephropathy is damage to the kidneys caused by long-term elevated blood sugar levels. It is one of the most serious long-term complications of diabetes and is the most common...
Diabetic retinopathy
The diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina caused by long-term elevated blood sugar levels. It is one of the most serious long-term complications of diabetes and is the most common...
Diabetic foot syndrome
This diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is one of the most serious long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. The combination of nerve damage (neuropathy), circulatory disorders and increased susceptibility to infections leads to...
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the peripheral and autonomic nerves caused by long-term elevated blood sugar levels. It is one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes and can...
LADA diabetes
LADA diabetes (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) is a slow-developing form of type 1 diabetes that only occurs in adulthood (usually from the age of 30). It is often initially...
Hypoglycemia unawareness disorder
The Hypoglycemia unawareness disorder (Hypo-Unawareness) is a common complication of long-standing diabetes. Those affected no longer feel the typical early warning symptoms of hypoglycemia (trembling, sweating, racing heart) or only feel...
Carbohydrate unit (KE)
The Carbohydrate unit (KE) is a convenient unit of measurement that simplifies the carbohydrate content of foods for insulin calculation. One KE corresponds to 10 grams of usable carbohydrates and is...
