Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This creates an absolute insulin deficiency, which requires lifelong insulin therapy.
Etiology and risk factors
- Genetic disposition: Presence of certain HLA genes (Human Leukocyte Antigens).
- Environmental factors: Possible triggers are viral infections, especially Coxsackie viruses.
- Pathogenesis: Miscontrolled immune reaction against the body's own cells.
Clinical symptoms
The disease usually develops quickly. Typical symptoms are:
- Severe thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria)
- Significant weight loss despite adequate food intake
- Severe fatigue and loss of performance
- In advanced derailment: nausea, vomiting and the smell of acetone in the air (ketoacidosis)
Diagnostic procedures
| Parameters | Indicator of type 1 diabetes |
|---|---|
| blood sugar | Elevated fasting value or pathological oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) |
| HbA1c value | Long-term value to assess average glycemia |
| Autoantibodies | Detection of GAD, IA-2 or islet cell antibodies |
| C-peptide | Low or missing concentration (marker for your own insulin production) |
Therapeutic interventions
- Insulin therapy: Intensified insulin therapy (basic bolus principle) or insulin pump therapy.
- Glucose monitoring: Regular self-measurement or use of CGM systems (Continuous Glucose Monitoring).
- Education: Training on carbohydrate calculation and insulin adjustment.
- Metabolic control: Support through adapted nutrition and physical activity.
You can find out more about the topic in our large diabetes guide:
Diabetes mellitus – knowledge and overview
Important note:
The information in this encyclopedia article is intended solely for general and non-binding information. They do not replace medical advice, diagnosis or therapy. If you have any health questions or complaints, please always consult a doctor or qualified healthcare professional. The content was created with the greatest possible care, but errors cannot be completely ruled out.
Last updated: February 26, 2026
